Pterodactylus Facts and Figures

Pterodactylus is a case study in how confusing it can be to classify 150-million-year-old animals. The first specimen of this pterosaur was discovered way back in 1784, in Germanys Solnhofen fossil beds, decades before before naturalists had any conception of the theory of evolution (which wouldnt be scientifically formulated, by Charles Darwin, until about 70 years later) or, indeed, any grasp of the possibility that animals could go extinct. Fortunately, in retrospect, Pterodactylus was named by one of the first academics to grapple with these issues, the Frenchman Georges Cuvier. Fast Facts: Pterodactylus Name: Pterodactylus (Greek for wing finger); pronounced TEH-roe-DACK-till-us; sometimes called pterodactylHabitat: Shores of Europe and South AfricaHistorical Period: Late Jurassic (150-144 million years ago)Size and Weight: Wingspan of three feet and two to 10 poundsDiet: Insects, meat and fishDistinguishing Characteristics: Long beak and neck; short tail; wings of skin attached to three-fingered hands Because it was discovered so early in the history of paleontology, Pterodactylus suffered the same fate as other before-their-time dinosaurs of the 19th century like Megalosaurus and Iguanodon: any fossil that remotely resembled the type specimen was assumed to belong to a separate Pterodactylus species or a genus that later wound up being synonymized with Pterodactylus, so at one point there were no less than two dozen named varieties! Paleontologists have since sorted out most of the confusion; the remaining two Pterodactylus species, P. antiquus and P. kochi, are pretty much beyond reproach, and other species have since been assigned to related genera like Germanodactylus, Aerodactylus, and Ctenochasma. Now that weve sorted all that out, exactly what kind of creature was Pterodactylus? This late Jurassic pterosaur was characterized by its relatively small size (a wingspan of only about three feet and a weight of ten pounds, max), its long, narrow beak, and its short tail, the classic body plan of a pterodactyloid, as opposed to a rhamphorhynchoid, pterosaur. (During the later Mesozoic Era, some pterodactyloid pterosaurs would grow to truly enormous sizes, as witness the small-plane-sized Quetzalcoatlus.)Â  Pterodactylus is often depicted as flying low over the coastlines of western Europe and northern Africa (much like a modern seagull) and plucking small fish out of the water, though it may also have subsisted on insects (or even the occasional small dinosaur) as well. On a related note, because it has been in the public eye for well over two centuries, Pterodactylus (in the abbreviated form pterodactyl) has become pretty much synonymous with flying reptile, and is often used to refer to the entirely different pterosaur Pteranodon. Also, for the record, Pterodactylus was only remotely related to the first prehistoric birds, which descended instead from the small, terrestrial, feathered dinosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era. (Confusingly, the type specimen of Pterodactylus was recovered from the same Solnhofen deposits as the contemporaneous Archaeopteryx; its important to bear in mind that the former was a pterosaur, while the latter was a theropod dinosaur, and thus occupied an entirely different branch of the evolutionary tree.)

CG Assessor Award Handbook Essay - 20565 Words

Level 3 4 Awards Certificates in Assessment and Quality Assurance Qualification handbook for centres 6317 6317-30, 6317-31, 6317-32, 6317-33, 6317-40, 6317-41, 6317-42 February www.cityandguilds.com February 2011 Version 1.3 ( February 2011) About City Guilds City Guilds is the UK’s leading provider of vocational qualifications, offering over 500 awards across a wide range of industries, and progressing from entry level to the highest levels of professional achievement. With over 8500 centres in 100 countries, City Guilds is recognised by employers worldwide for providing qualifications that offer proof of the skills they need to get the job done. City Guilds Group The City Guilds Group includes City Guilds, ILM (the†¦show more content†¦in Assessment and Quality Assurance 1 City Guilds Skills for a brighter future www.cityandguilds.com 2 Level 3 4 Awards Certificates in Assessment and Quality Assurance Contents 1 1.1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 4.2 5 Unit 301 Unit 302 Unit 303 Unit 401 Unit 402 Unit 403 Appendix 1 Introduction to the qualifications Opportunities for progression Centre requirements Approval Quality Assurance Human resources Candidate entry requirements QCF technical requirements City Guilds administration Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) Appeals against assessment decisions Equal opportunities Course design and delivery Initial assessment and induction Learning delivery strategies Assessment Summary of assessment methods Evidence requirements Units Understanding the Principles and Practices of Assessment Assess Occupational Competence in the Work Environment Assess Vocational Skills, Knowledge and Understanding Understanding the Principles and Practices of Internally Assuring the Quality of Assessment Internally Assure the Quality of Assessment Plan, Allocate and Monitor Work in Own Area of Responsibility Sources of general information 5 14 15 15 15 16 18 18 19 19 19 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 24 25 40 48 57 72 82 84 Level 3 4 Awards Certificates in Assessment and Quality Assurance 3 City Guilds Skills for a brighter future www.cityandguilds.com 4 Level 3 4 Awards Certificates in Assessment and QualityShow MoreRelated Journals, Reflection, and Learning Essay2135 Words   |  9 Pageswhat could be critical comments to someone who has power to award a grade to their overall performance (p. 154). 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Summary Of You re A Liar - 1609 Words

â€Å"You’re a liar; you promised you would take care of her, and you told me she made it through surgery.† Chay was yelling so loud and out of control that his uncle shook him by his arms and said, â€Å"She dead! Do you understand, she’s dead and you can’t see her! Nothing you do is going to bring her back, quit screaming.† With that a nurse walked into the room, it took every ounce of energy the doctor and his uncle had to pin Chay down while the nurse gave him a shot. That afternoon as the shot started wearing off, Chay could hear people crying. Still groggy, Chay stumbled into the living room full of people. At first he thought he was in a dream. I’m not sure if it was the people trying to hug him, the people crying or the people who kept†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"You are going to ride to the cemetery with the preacher and his wife. I talked to your daddy last night and he will pick you kids up there.† With that Uncle Jimmy kissed the kids once more and got into a cab then disappeared. As they lowered Josephine into the ground, Chay and his little brothers and sister each walked up and took a handful of dirt, and tossed it down into the hole on top of their mother’s coffin. Chay noticed that his father was over talking to the man from the cemetery and walked over to talk to him. His father seemed really upset about something. Chay said, â€Å"Is everything ok daddy?† He replied, â€Å"Hell no, this is all F%$†ª#‎ed†¬ up. Wait here I’ll be back in a little bit.† As he walked away Chay watched him stagger back to his car. He knew his daddy was drunk, but figured he needed time to cool off. Chay took his little brother and sister by the hand and said to his other brother, â€Å"Let’s go sit by the tree over there.† The four children watched as a tractor drove over to their mother’s grave and finished filling in the hole. Other men came over and took away the green tent, and then the flowers. The four children walked over to their mother’s grave and sat there for a few hours waiting on their daddy to come back but he didn’t. Chay finally decided to go talk to the man from the cemetery. â€Å"Have you seen my daddy,† he asked the man in

The Legal Position Of Qantas Airlines Ltd â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Legal Position Of Qantas Airlines Ltd? Answer: Introducation It is essential to have a legitimate offer and the acceptance of the parties involved in order to make a binding agreement, as in the case of Wakeling v Ripley.[1] It is needed of the parties involved to agree on the contractual terms in a similar way as with the other parties, as seen in the case of Riches v Hogben.[2] It is to be noted that once the contract papers and its terms are signed by the parties, the contract is legally bound, not changing when the said parties were unaware of the terms and conditions written on it, as noticed as stated in LEstrange v Graucob [3] case. A party in the contract has the power to limit, meaning that its Contractual Liabilities can be included in the Exclusion Clause. The same cannot be said the the case of Legal Liabilities though, lawed by Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council. It is not need that a binding contract to always be signed expressly, its validity is totally up to the agreement of the said contract in the first place.[4] Thats what proves it valid, legally. It is necessary that any new contractual term that has never been used before by the parties be notified to the other parties immediately and brought into their attention in order for it to be legal, as shown in the case of Causer v Browne.[5] When a term of contract is not given into the awareness of the detriment party, then that contract is branded as legally invalid, as stated in the case of Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd.[6] A contract when formed always stays the same. The contracted when formulated and signed cannot be changed or modified in any way, as given in the case of Interphoto Picture Library v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd.[7] If any breach of the contractual terms and conditions are broken, the parties can go for repudiation of the said contract and claim any damages that were resulted by the breach in any possible way A Warranty is a word that too belongs in the terminology, used to signify those contractual terms that do not, in any way authorize the releasing an aggrieved party from the liabilities of a contract by itself. They are said to be of less significance in a contract as they play no important part in the formation of its subject matter. Even if the warranties of a contract do not comply with the situation of the suffering party, the compensation for damage can be claimed nevertheless in case if there is a breach. The principals of Damage, contract law empower the court of justice to bestow damages in compensations to the suffering party. It is expected of the court to pass absolute justice and rightful decisions, such that the compensation is enough for the aggrieved party to restore its former position if a violation or a breach in terms are noticed. The compensation is inclusive of any loss that the party might have suffered due to the unforeseen damages caused by the breach in contract whether Warranty or Conditional, as provided by by Tabcorp Holdings Ltd v Bowen Investments Pty Ltd.[8] Application To determine the contractual situation of Qantas and Airbus, it is necessary for to see whether valid offer and mutual acceptance was undertaken between the above parties in the first place. It is seen that it was rightfully decided by the two parties to agree on 545 clauses incorporated in the agreement in order to fulfill the contract, this further proves the point that the parties must have had made a valid offer and mutual acceptance. This would mean that the parties decided to agree on all the said terms and conditions by their own free will and in the same way as the other. Hence, a contract binding both parties is formed. But, it is further seen that Airbus sent a number documents to Quantas, which was inclusive of the said contract, colour scheme along with certain limitations of the liability clause that were not in the contract to begin, after the signing of the legal binding was done. It was provided on the Liability clause that the liabilities in the company are to be restricted to $300000. As said previously, it can be concluded that a party involved in a contract is given the ability to precede an exclusion clause to reduce its liabilities. But, as stated in the Causer case, it was necessary for Airbus to notify Qantas of any such new exclusion clauses and bring them to their knowledge. Hence, the newly formed exclusion clauses can in no way be a part of the contract what so ever as provided in the Thorton case, since, the knowledge of it was not expressly revealed by Airbus to Qantas. The consent of both the parties are required of a new term is to be incorporated in the the said contract, hence, Airbuss attempt to slander the terms of contract by not bring the exclusion clause in notice was legally invalid and unacceptable. It was so stated in the contracted that Airbus will provide Qantas with a plane of fine quality, fully equipped with video entertainment accessories providing a range of 36 channels. Due to certain technical failures, it was then noticed that Airbus could only provide them with 34 channels in all. Referring to the matter of the subject, it can clearly be considered as a breach in contract, entitling Qantas to a compensation and repudiation of the contract. As stated in the said principles of damage in the the contract, Airbus is liable for breaching which resulted in damage, entitling Qantas to a compensation. When the losses amount more than $300000, Airbus has to remit the amount as the exclusion clause will be left invalid. There are clear differences between misrepresentation and Puffery. Puffery is a process of exaggerating multiple facts in order to advertise oneself or an organisation. Such actions attract no legal liability, as provided in Dimmock v Hallett.[10] Misrepresentation is seen when a party establishes false statements and comments on in order to attract another party as to bind a legal contract. An example of such uncanny reliance is stated in the case of Hill v Rose.[11] As seen in the Lockhart v Osman case, a suit of misrepresentation can only be filed when the suffering party was not aware of its existence and the lies involved in it at all, whatsoever.[12] Which means the party has no true sense of judgment over the act. Thus, it is clearly seen that misrepresentation has to have the ability to forcefully induce and persuade an individual to enter a legal contract. Silence cannot be taken as a part of misrepresentation, all facts provided must be true and justified in every way possible. For example, if seller were to tell a consumer that a certain product was tested but intentionally avoids discussing the outcome of it, can be considered as misrepresentation. In Fraudulent Misrepresentation, it was then ruled by the judges that if an action takes place with the person stating facts knowing it full well that the facts stated are false, it can be termed as fraudulent misrepresentation, in the case of Derry v Peek.[13] The parties affected by it are subjected to compensation and rescission. As provided in the leading case of Pioneer Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v Columbus Capital Pty Ltd, the principal responsible for the conduct that his agents carry out. Such rules are only applicable if the said person has the rightful claim and has implied, apparent or an authority that is expressly provided. In the case of Cropper v Cook, 1867, the court opined that if the given concerned authority was not granted by the principle to the agent and another party believes that there should be an authority in an implied sense, then the principle must act according to the agents demands. It was ruled by the court of law, in the Watteau v Fenwick case, that if no authority has been provided by the principle to the agent, then their relationship ceases to exist.[14] The principle is bound to set a contract with a third party who is not aware of such termination of authority. In the above case, it is given that Gemma has appointed Frank for a sales job in her appliance shop. It is given that a second hand dishwasher was on display for sale for $350. A customer, Tom, told Gemma that he was interested purchasing it for the given price. Gemma knew that Frances was in need of a dishwasher and promised her that he would urge Frank so that he sells it to her for $300. So, to induce frank into selling the product to France, she lied to him that the particular dishwasher would never procure $350 if sold. Frank, being a hired salesperson, was easily convinced by Gemma and sells the product to Frances for $300. It was later found out that Frank was ready to pay $350, in the first place. It was seen that Gemma filled Frank with wrong information knowing it full well that the facts she stated were based lies and thus induced him on selling it below its original rate to Frances. Gemma had committed an act of Fraudulent Misrepresentation and has to compensate Fanks with an amount of $50 which can be taken as the cost of damage. Bob was also a salesperson who worked for Frank. He was responsible for inducing Angela in respect of sales of Washing Machine. In his case, it was seen that he was always late for work and remained drunk for most of the time. Due to this, he was laid off by Frank and was requested to leave. Bob, then draws up a contract involving Angela, who had no knowledge of his previous tussle with Frank. It was decided that Bob would sell ten washing machines worth $1000 each, and deposited $1000 in Bobs private account to settle her part of the contract. But, instead of doing his job, Bob withdraws the money thereof, from his Home Appliance Specialist account in the bank and flies overseas. Since Angela was ignorant of the connection between Bob and Frank, it falls under frank to compensate 10 machines for her. Frank though, can redeem his damage from Bob. Conclusion It can be safely concluded that Gemma induced Frank into a false sales by virtue of fraudulent misrepresentation. Frank suffered from the liability inflicted on him by Bobs misrepresentation and has to supply the machines to Angela who had no knowledge of it. Bob, on the other hand has to compensate Frank for the damages caused by him on the account of his Fraudulent Misrepresentation. References Causer v Browne (1952) VLR 1 Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council (1940) KB 532 Derry v. Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 33 Dimmock v Hallett (1866) LR 2 Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459. Hill v Rose [1990] VR 129 Interphoto Picture Library v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd (1988) 2 WLR 615 LEstange v Graucob (1923) 2KB 394 Lockhart v Osman [1981] VR 57 Riches v Hogben [1986] 1 Qd R 315 Tabcorp Holdings Ltd v Bowen Investments Pty Ltd [2009] HCA 8 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd (1971) 2 QB 163 Wakeling v Ripley (1951) 51 SR (NSW) 183 Watteau v Fenwick [1983] 1 QB 346 [1] (1951) 51 SR (NSW) 183 [2] [1986] 1 Qd R 315 [3] (1923) 2KB 394 [4] (1940) KB 532 [5] (1952) VLR 1 [6] (1971) 2 QB 163 [7] (1988) 2 WLR 615 [8] [2009] HCA 8 [9] (1885) 29 Ch D 459. [10] (1866) LR 2 [11] [1990] VR 129 [12] [1981] VR 57 [13] (1889) 14 App Cas 33 [14] [1983] 1 QB 346